| Solar panel | Photovoltaic module serve as instruments that transform sunlight into using photovoltaic cells. These are an green and renewable energy source, minimizing reliance on carbon-based fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar heat collector is a apparatus that absorbs sunlight to convert heat, generally used for hot water production or room heating applications. It efficiently converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on standard energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar heat harnesses sunlight to generate warmth, which can be used for water heating systems, space warming, or power generation. It is a green and renewable technology that reduces fossil fuel consumption and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a beautiful seaside town in West Sussex, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a charming blend of sandy beaches, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | The country of England is a historic and historic-influenced country in the United Kingdom known for its wealthy cultural traditions, iconic landmarks, and vibrant cities like London. It boasts a varied landscape of rolling hills, historic forts, and lively city hubs that combine heritage with contemporary advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the organic illumination emitted by the sun, crucial for living organisms on Earth as it supplies power for photosynthesis and influences climate and weather patterns. It also plays a role to our well-being by synchronizing our circadian rhythms and enhancing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a type of energy due to the movement of charged particles, primarily electrons. It powers countless devices and networks, supporting contemporary living and technological advancements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts solar radiation directly into power using solar panels composed of semi-conductor materials. It is a sustainable energy source that reduces reliance on non-renewable fuels and helps mitigate environmental impact. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a negative electric charge that circulate around the nucleus of an atom, playing a key role in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions affect the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the single-direction movement of electric charge, typically produced by battteries, power sources, and solar cells. It provides a steady voltage or current, making it crucial for electronic devices and low voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A power source is a instrument that stores chemical energy and changes it into electrical energy to operate various digital equipment. It consists of multiple galvanic cells, each comprising electrode pairs interposed by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | A solar power system converts solar radiation immediately into power using solar panels made of solar cells. It is an green energy solution that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and promotes sustainable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A photovoltaic inverter is a instrument that converts DC created by solar panels into AC fit for household use and grid connection. It plays a crucial role in enhancing energy performance and providing secure, reliable power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | AC is an electric current that flips direction regularly, usually used in domestic and business power supplies. It enables efficient transmission of electricity over extended spans and is defined by its voltage and current waveforms, commonly sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge regulator is a device that manages the voltage level and electric current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from overcharging and harm. It guarantees optimal energy flow and extends the lifespan of the battery bank. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a tool used to measure the extent, quantity, or level of something accurately. It includes tools like rulers, thermometers, and pressure gauges that provide precise readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | An solar tracker is a mechanism that automatically the orientation of solar panels to monitor the sun's movement during the day, increasing energy absorption. This technology enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by maintaining best sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar power plants are large-scale facilities that utilize sunlight to generate electricity using many solar panels. They offer a green and renewable energy power, cutting down reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Roof-mounted solar energy involves installing photovoltaic panels on building rooftops to generate electricity from sunlight. This renewable energy source helps cut down on reliance on non-renewable fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-integrated solar power system changes sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It enhances energy efficiency and reduces reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to take advantage of potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like fossil fuel combustion and deforestation. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A solar energy satellite is an orbiting platform equipped with photovoltaic panels that absorb sunlight and generate power. This power is then sent wirelessly to Earth for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems retain excess energy generated from renewable sources or the power grid for subsequent consumption, improving energy self-sufficiency and effectiveness. These installations generally use batteries to deliver backup energy, lower energy expenses, and support grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The history of solar cells chronicles the development and advancements in solar energy technology from the initial discovery of the solar effect to contemporary high-efficiency solar arrays. It showcases significant breakthroughs, including the creation of the original silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and persistent developments that have significantly enhanced energy transformation and economic viability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a Gallic physicist noted for his groundbreaking work in the study of the photoelectric effect and glow. His experiments laid the groundwork for grasping how radiation interacts with particular materials to generate electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Smith was a British electrical engineer and scientist known for finding out the photo-conductive property of Se in 1873. His research laid the foundation for the development of the photo-sensitive device and advancements in early photographic and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an open-source framework used for automated testing of web browsers, enabling testers to simulate user interactions and verify web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK physicist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization of luminescence reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optical science. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an US innovator who created the earliest working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work established the basis for the modern photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-fired power plant generates electricity by combusting coal to produce vapor that powers turbines connected to generators. This process releases considerable amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with finding the solar cell and enhancing the understanding of semiconductor. His work formed the basis of modern solar power technology and the manufacture of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Laboratories is a renowned innovative organization traditionally associated with AT&T, known for pioneering innovations in communications, computing, and materials science. It has been the source of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the transistor and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14, widely known for its key role in the production of electronic devices and solar panels. It is a hard, fragile solid substance with a steel-gray sheen, primarily used as a semi-conductor in the electronic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a small device installed on each photovoltaic panel to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This approach enhances system efficiency, facilitates enhanced performance monitoring, and boosts energy yield in photovoltaic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar cell is a unit that turns sunlight straight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. It is often used in photovoltaic systems to supply a renewable and sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a sustainable energy technology that provides sustainable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon serves as a elementary particle which represents a unit of light plus other electromagnetic radiation, transporting energy and momentum without having rest mass. It serves a crucial role in the connections between matter and electromagnetic fields, allowing phenomena including reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the process by which specific substances transform sunlight straight into electricity through the generation of electron-hole pairs. This phenomenon is the fundamental foundation behind solar panel systems, enabling the capturing of solar solar power for electricity production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | A wafer in electronics is a fine slice of chip material, typically silicon, used as the foundation for fabricating integrated circuits. It functions as the main platform where microchips are built through methods like doping, etching, and lamination. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a highly pure form of silicon used predominantly in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic systems due to its superb semiconductor properties. Its regular, neat crystal lattice enables efficient electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin-film photovoltaic devices are a type of solar energy technology characterized by their lightweight, flexible design, and capacity for large-area manufacturing at a more affordable price. They use layers of semiconductor materials a few micrometers thick to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the constant forces exerted by the mass of structural elements and permanent equipment, while live loads are transient forces such as users, fixtures, and external influences. Both are important considerations in engineering design to maintain safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits join components in a line, so the same current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits join components between the same voltage source, permitting multiple paths for current. These configurations influence the circuit's overall resistance, current allocation, and voltage drops. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrification refers to the rate at which electricity flows by an electric circuit, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. Created through diverse origins such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear, and sustainable sources, and crucial for today's lifestyle. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A unit of power is a measure of power in the SI system, representing the measure of energy movement or conversion. It is the same as one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical pressure difference between two points, which drives the stream of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and shows the work per unit charge available to shift electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A volt is the standard unit of electric potential, potential difference, and voltage in the International System of Units. It measures the voltage per coulomb between locations in an circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric flow is the movement of electricity through a conductor, commonly measured in amps. It is necessary for supplying electronic devices and enabling the working of electrical circuits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Amp serves as the measure of electrical flow in the International System of Units, represented by A. It indicates the movement of electric charge through a wire over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the quantity of electrical power or current demanded by appliances and Electrical load in a circuit. It determines the configuration and power of power systems to guarantee safe and efficient energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical housing used to safely house wire connections, providing a main hub for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures structured and secure connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a standardized photovoltaic connector used to connect solar panels in a secure and trustworthy manner. It features a clip-in design with waterproof sealing, ensuring durability and effective electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power provides a easy and uniform method of delivering electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is often used for powering and feeding a extensive range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A power inverter is a device that converts direct current (DC) from supplies like accumulators or photovoltaic arrays into AC suitable for household appliances. It allows the application of common electrical appliances in locations where only DC power is present. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | An battery pack functions as a collection of multiple individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for multiple devices. It provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Sun tracking devices automatically align the orientation of solar panels to track the solar trajectory throughout the daytime, maximizing power intake. This system improves the effectiveness of solar power gathering by maintaining best solar array alignment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to maximize the power generation of solar panel setups by constantly tuning the operating point to align with the maximum power point of the photovoltaic modules. This procedure provides the highest efficiency energy harvesting, especially under changing weather. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer functions as a device used in solar energy systems to optimize energy output by separately optimizing the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by minimizing energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar power performance monitor is a tool that monitors and evaluates the performance of solar power systems in instantaneous, delivering valuable data on energy generation and system condition. It aids maximize solar energy output by spotting faults promptly and ensuring optimal output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Thin-film solar cells are lightweight, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in various portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Solar cells convert sunlight directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a renewable energy source. They are frequently used in solar panels to generate electricity for homes, appliances, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a compound composed of countless small silicon crystals, commonly used in solar panels and semiconductor manufacturing. Its manufacturing process involves melting and recrystallizing silicon to create a high-purity, polycrystalline form suitable for microelectronic devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Monocrystalline silicon is a ultra-pure form of silicon with a continuous crystal structure, making it extremely capable for use in photovoltaic modules and electronics. Its uniform formation allows for improved charge movement, resulting in superior functionality compared to alternative silicon forms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | Cadmium telluride photovoltaics constitute a type of thin-film solar system that offers a affordable and effective option for large-scale solar energy harvesting. They are their great absorption performance and moderately low manufacturing costs in comparison with traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are thin-film photovoltaic cells that use a layered compound of Cu, In, Ga, and selenium to convert sunlight into power efficiently. They are noted for their excellent absorption efficiency, flexibility, and possibility for portable, affordable solar power solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Amorphous silicon is a amorphous atomic structure, making it more adaptable and easier to deposit than crystalline silicon. It is frequently used in thin-film solar cells and electronic devices due to its economic advantage and adaptable features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic modules aim to surpass traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing cutting-edge materials and innovative techniques such as multi-layered stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on enhancing energy conversion, cutting costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-layered solar panels are innovative photovoltaic modules that use various p-n connections arranged in tandem to collect a broader spectrum of the solar spectrum, substantially increasing their efficiency. They are mainly employed in space satellites and high-performance solar power installations due to their outstanding energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar panels are essential devices that transform solar radiation into electrical energy to power onboard systems. They are typically lightweight, durable, and designed to operate efficiently in the demanding space environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are compounds composed of several elements, typically involving a metallic element and a non-metallic component, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer enhanced performance in applications such as laser devices, light-emitting diodes, and high-frequency transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound-based semiconductor recognized for its high electron mobility and performance in high-speed and optoelectronic applications. It is frequently used in devices such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | CPV employ lenses or reflectors to focus sunlight onto superior efficiency multi-layer solar cells, significantly increasing energy conversion efficiency. This approach is perfect for massive solar power plants in regions with sunny sunlight, offering a affordable option for large-scale energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Lightweight silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its lightweight and pliant form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in solar building materials and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a ultra-thin layer of CuInGaSe2 as the solar semiconductor, known for high efficiency and bendability. They offer a lightweight, economical alternative to standard silicon solar arrays with reliable operation in diverse climates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film is a term for a fine layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in various technological applications. These coatings are essential in electronics, optics, and films for their special physical and chemical properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness solar energy to generate electricity directly on rooftops of buildings, providing a sustainable and affordable energy solution. They help reduce reliance on fossil fuels, reduce electricity bills, and contribute to eco-preservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A thin film is a sheet of compound spanning tiny nanometric scales to multiple micrometers in depth, often placed on surfaces for purposeful functions. These coatings are used in diverse fields, including electronics, optical technologies, and healthcare, to modify surface characteristics or develop particular device features. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometric units are measurement units equivalent to one-billionth of a meter, frequently used to depict minuscule distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are crucial in areas such as nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for determining structures and particles at the nano level. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Micrometers are high-precision gauges used to precisely measure small distances or widths, typically in manufacturing and production. They feature a adjusted screw system that allows for precise readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon wafer is a slender, ring-shaped piece of silicon crystal used as the base for producing semiconductor devices. It acts as the core material in the production of ICs and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cells are flexible solar modules recognized for their superior output and adaptability, perfect for diverse applications. They utilize a multilayer semiconductor architecture that transforms sunlight directly into electricity with excellent efficiency in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon is a kind of silicon used in solar panels, characterized by its multiple crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is noted for being cost-effective and having a moderately high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Photovoltaic systems convert solar energy directly into power using PV cells, providing a sustainable energy source for household, commercial, and grid applications. They offer a environmentally friendly, renewable, and cost-effective way to reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources and reduce carbon footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cell have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A dye-activated solar cell (DSSC) is a photovoltaic device that converts sunlight into electrical energy using a light-sensitive dye to take in light and generate electron flow. It offers a cost-effective and versatile alternative to traditional silicon-based solar cells, with potential for see-through and lightweight applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot solar cell cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and energy conversion through quantum size effects. This technology offers the possibility for cost-effective, bendable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic photovoltaic devices are solar cells that employ carbon-based compounds, to transform solar radiation into electric power. They are lightweight, pliable, and enable more affordable, large-area solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS (Copper is a promising semiconductor material used in thin-film solar modules due to its earth-abundant and safe elements. Its excellent optoelectronic properties make it an desirable option for eco-friendly photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) seamlessly incorporate photovoltaic technology into the design of construction components, such as rooftops, facades, and glazing. This modern approach enhances energy performance while maintaining aesthetic appeal and building integrity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency permits light to penetrate a material with minimal distortion, making objects behind clearly visible. Translucency allows light to spread through, obscuring detailed visibility but still allowing shapes and light to pass through. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Window tinting involves applying a transparent film to the inside or outside of cars or structures panes to reduce glare, heat, and UV radiation. It boosts privacy, improves energy efficiency, and gives a stylish aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of photovoltaic power stations details various large-scale solar energy facilities around the globe, highlighting their power and locations. These facilities serve a important role in renewable energy generation and international efforts to lower carbon pollution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are massive systems that transform sunlight straight into electricity using solar modules. They are essential in renewable energy generation, cutting dependence on non-renewable energy sources, and cutting emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of issues such as contamination, climatic shifts, and forest loss that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires joint initiatives to promote eco-friendly methods and protect biodiverse environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are constantly replenished, such as sunlight, breezes, and hydroelectric power. It offers a sustainable option to fossil fuels, minimizing environmental harm and enhancing long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as bituminous coal, oil, and methane, are limited reserves formed over extensive periods and are consumed when used. They are the main fuels for power production and transportation but pose ecological and environmental and long-term viability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Power production involves converting various energy types such as fossil fuels, nuclear power, and green energy into electricity. This process usually takes place in electricity plants where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce electric current for distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, toxic elements such as Pb, mercury, Cd, and As that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Photovoltaic performance measures how well a solar panel converts sunlight into convertible power. Enhancing this Solar-cell efficiency is key for increasing renewable energy output and reducing reliance on non-renewable resources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric effect occurs when light shining on a metal surface ejects electronic particles from that surface, demonstrating the particle nature of light. This event provided significant indication for the development of quantum mechanics by showing that photon energy is quantified. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Rapid life testing involves exposing products to higher-than-normal stresses to quickly evaluate their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps find potential failures and boost product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The expansion of photovoltaics has sped up rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by innovations and decreasing costs. This growth is transforming the world energy sector by increasing the percentage of sustainable solar power in power production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power plants built to generate electricity on a commercial scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These installations typically cover large areas and utilize photovoltaic panels or solar thermal systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optic is a see-through component that bends light to focus or diverge rays, forming images. It is frequently used in equipment like photographic devices, glasses, and microscopes to control light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an incoming light ray and the normal line perpendicular to the surface at the contact point. It controls how light interacts with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-glare coating is a coating applied to optical surfaces to minimize reflections and enhance light passage. It enhances the crispness and illumination of screens by reducing undesirable reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Destructive interference occurs when two waves meet in a manner that their wave heights cancel each other out, causing a decrease or full disappearance of the resultant waveform. This occurrence usually happens when these waves are not in phase by pi radians. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | AC is an electric current that alternates direction, typically used in electrical distribution networks. Its voltage varies following a sine wave over time, allowing efficient transmission over large spans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A small inverter is a miniature device used to change direct current (DC) from a individual solar module into AC suitable for home applications. It improves system performance by maximizing energy production at the module level and eases installation and upkeep. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | AC power, or alternating current power, is electrical power delivered through a system where the voltage and electric flow cyclically reverse direction, enabling cost-effective transmission over long distances. It is commonly used in households and factories to operate various appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A DC connector is a kind of electrical connector used to supply DC energy from a power supply to an device. It generally consists of a round plug and jack that guarantee a secure and trustworthy connection for different electronic purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a international protection validation agency that assesses and endorses products to confirm they meet particular safety requirements. It helps consumers and companies recognize trustworthy and secure products through thorough assessment and testing procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electrical networks in which components are connected end-to-end, forming a single path for current flow. In this setup, the identical electric current passes through all components, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electrical circuits where components are connected between the same voltage source, offering multiple paths for current flow. This arrangement allows components to operate independently, with the total current distributed among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode is a solid-state device that allows current to pass in a single direction only, serving as a single-direction valve for electrical current. It is commonly used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in circuit networks. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a connection, typically 12-volt, designed to supply electrical energy for multiple devices and accessories inside of a vehicle. It allows users to power electronic devices or operate small electronics when on the go. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a technology for linking hardware to PCs, enabling data transfer and power delivery. It supports a broad spectrum of peripherals such as keypads, mouses, external storage, and smartphones, with various generations delivering higher speeds and upgraded performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency is the measure of the portion of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into generated energy. Improving this efficiency plays a key role in optimizing energy generation and making solar power economical and eco-friendly. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is a U.S. DOE federal research facility dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It focuses on innovations in solar, wind power, bioenergy, and additional renewable sources to support a sustainable energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses every kind of electromagnetic waves, extending from radio waves to gamma rays, each with varied lengths and energies. This band is crucial to numerous technological applications and natural events, allowing communication, diagnostic imaging, and understanding of the outer space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X-rays, primarily generated by the solar radiation. It serves a important role in such as vitamin D synthesis but can also lead to skin injury and photoaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a type of electromagnetic wave with greater wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Monochromatic refers to a color palette based on alterations of a sole hue, using different shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and unity. This layout approach emphasizes clarity and elegance by maintaining steady color elements throughout a composition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the power of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, generally measured in watts per sq meter. It is a key parameter in fields such as solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, demonstrating the intensity of sunlight hitting a particular zone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a unit of measurement used to measure the intensity of radiation or power received or emitted over a defined area, often in disciplines including meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It assists with understanding the spread and transfer of radiation across regions, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of various colors or wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or otherwise. It is frequently used to illustrate the distribution of light or signal frequencies in various scientific and technological areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a big volume of air with relatively consistent temperature and dampness features, deriving from from specific source regions. These air masses influence climate trends and air situations as they move across diverse zones. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar irradiance is the measure of the intensity per square kilometer received from the Sun in the manner of solar rays. It changes with solar cycles and Earth's atmospheric conditions, impacting climate and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Soiling in solar energy refers to the collection of debris, and foreign matter on the exterior of solar panels, which reduces their output. Routine maintenance and servicing are important to reduce energy decrease and ensure maximum performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage refers to the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when there is no current, measured across its terminals. It represents the potential difference of a device when it is disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the peak electrical current that flows through a circuit when a low-resistance connection, or short circuit, occurs, bypassing the normal load. It creates a major safety hazard and can result in damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a indicator of the highest power output of a solar module under ideal sunlight conditions. It shows the panel's peak ability to generate electricity in conventional testing conditions . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an electrical instrument used to measure the potential difference between separate points in a electrical system. It is widely employed in numerous electrical and electronic setups to ensure proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a phenomenon in solar modules where high voltage stress causes a substantial reduction in energy production and efficiency. It occurs due to leakage currents and ion migration within the solar cell materials, leading to performance deterioration over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron is considered a semi-metal chemical element essential for plant development and employed in different industrial uses, like glassmaking and semiconductor manufacturing. It has special chemical properties that cause it valuable in creating robust, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A photovoltaic mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring ideal tilt and alignment for best sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a solid and resilient foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A sun-powered power plant harnesses sunlight using vast groups of photovoltaic solar panels to create renewable electricity. It provides an eco-friendly energy source, diminishing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated method of employing land for both solar power production and agriculture, optimizing space and resources. This approach enhances crop production while at the same time creating renewable energy, promoting sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar cells are solar energy devices able to absorb sunlight on both sides, enhancing overall energy generation. They are usually installed in a way that enhances performance by taking advantage of albedo reflection and bounced sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar-powered canopy is a framework that provides cover while creating electricity through integrated solar panels. It is frequently installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel system is a assembly of several solar panels arranged to produce electricity from sunlight. It is frequently used in renewable energy systems to produce clean, sustainable power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A patio shield is a construction that offers shade and shelter from the elements for al fresco areas. It improves the usability and look of a patio, making it a comfortable zone for relaxation and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the measurement between the vertical direction directly overhead and the line of sight to a celestial object. It is used in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of bodies in the heavens relative to an observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The horizontal bearing is a horizontal angle measured clockwise a reference direction, typically true north, to the line connecting an observer to a target object. It is frequently used in routing, land measurement, and astrophysics to define the direction of an celestial body with respect to the observer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electric shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to harsh weather conditions and potential bodily injuries pose significant occupational hazards of solar panel installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | CdTe is a semiconductor material commonly employed in thin film solar panels due to its excellent performance and affordability. It demonstrates excellent optical features, making it a common option for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | An list of photovoltaics companies showcases the leading manufacturers and suppliers specializing in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions worldwide. These companies are key in advancing solar energy integration and innovation across different markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A gigawatt is a quantity of energy output equal to a billion W, used to assess large-scale power generation output and usage. It is generally associated with generating stations, national grids, and significant power projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | The company First Solar is a worldwide leader in photovoltaic (PV) energy solutions, focused on producing thin film solar panels that deliver high efficiency and economical power output. The organization is committed to sustainable energy development and reducing the world's reliance on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology focuses in smoothly connecting various components of factory and automated systems to improve productivity and reliability. It focuses on building innovative solutions that facilitate smooth communication and cooperation among various technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a top Chinese-based corporation expert in the manufacturing and development of solar-powered photovoltaic items and systems. Renowned for state-of-the-art tech and eco-friendly energy programs within the renewable energy industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a unit of energy equal to 1,000,000,000 watts, often utilized to describe the ability of massive electricity generation or usage. It underscores the huge power extent involved in current power infrastructure and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Learning curve effects refer to the phenomenon where the production cost reduces as overall production rises, due to learning and improvements gained over time. This phenomenon highlights the importance of accumulated experience in lowering costs and improving productivity in manufacturing and other processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy turn sunlight straight into electricity through semiconductor materials, primarily silicon. This technology is a pure, renewable energy source that assists cut down reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the cost of generating solar or wind energy is equivalent to or lower than the expense of purchasing power from the electric grid. Achieving Grid parity means that green energy sources are economically comparable with fossil fuel-based fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity acts as the standard electrical power supplied to houses and companies through a system of power lines, offering a reliable source of energy for different appliances. It usually operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the country, and is delivered through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all parts of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, including inverters, racking, wiring, and additional electrical hardware. It is crucial for guaranteeing the efficient and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Solar energy is absorbed from the solar radiation using photovoltaic panels to produce electricity or through solar thermal systems to generate heat. It represents a green, sustainable, and eco-conscious power supply that decreases dependence on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are in home, commercial, and manufacturing sites to produce clean, renewable electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, offering green energy solutions where conventional power grids are unavailable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A collection of sun-powered products features a variety of gadgets that harness sunlight to generate energy, promoting environmentally friendly and eco-conscious living. These solutions include everything from solar chargers and lights to household devices and outdoor gear, providing multi-purpose alternatives for energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | A photovoltaic power station is a installation that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a renewable energy source that helps reduce reliance on non-renewable energy and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to deliver a reliable and efficient power supply. They enhance energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, cutting reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics use lenses plus mirrors to focus sunlight onto advanced solar cells, significantly boosting energy capture using a smaller area. This technology is particularly effective in areas with intense, direct sunlight and offers a promising approach to reducing expenses related to solar energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
